ЭДИЙН ЗАСГИЙН СОНИРХОЛТОЙ ОНОЛУУД

 

5. Үнэ цэнийн Парадокс буюу Алмаз болон Усны Парадокс (Paradox of Value a.k.a Water-Diamond Paradox)

Хүний бие мах бодид алмазнаас илүү ус нэн зайлшгүй хэрэгтэй байдаг байхад алмазны зах зээлийн үнэ илүү өндөр байдаг. Алмаз нь уснаас илүү ховор байдаг тул илүү үнэтэй байх нь зөв гэж маргах хүмүүс гарч магадгүй ч дэлхийн нийт усны 2,5 хувь нь цэвэр ус бөгөөд зөвхөн 1 хувь-г л бид шууд хэрэглэх боломжтой байдаг. Логик ухагдахууны үндсэн дээр ус илүү үнэ цэнэтэй байх мэт боловч бид алмаз эрдэнэ-д илүү их мөнгө зарцуулж байна.

Зарим судлаачид энэхүү Парадокс-г Үнэ цэнийн Субьектив онолоор тайлбарлах нь элбэг байдаг. Энэхүү онолоор бол аливаа зүйлийн үнэ цэнэ нь нийгэмийн хэрэгцээ болон шаардлагийн үндсэн дээр тодорхойлогддог. Олон хүмүүс ус бол тэдэнд зайлшгүй хангагдсан байх зүйл гэж үздэг ба тэдэнд усны гачигдалд орж буй сэтгэгдэл төрдөггүй учир усны үнэ цэнэ бага байдаг байх нь.

 

4. Хаззуум-Бруукс-н нөхцөл (Khazzoom Brookes Postulate)

Энэхүү нөхцөлийн дагуу үр ашигтай эрчим хүч нэмэгдэх тусам эрчим хүчний зарцуулалт нэмэгддэг байна. Уч чанартаа, ашигт эрчим хүчний гол зорилго нь аливаа бараа үйлчилгээг хүргэх хэрэгцээт эрчим хүчний тоог бууруулах байдаг. Харамсалтай нь:

· Үр ашигт эрчим хүч нь харьцангуй хямд байх тул хүмүүсийг илүү их эрчим хүч хэрэглэхийг дэмждэг.

· Үр ашигт эрчим хүч нь эдийн засгийн өсөлтийг түргэсгэдэг ба эдийн засгийн өсөлт ихсэнэ гэдэг маань илүү их үйлдвэр илүү их цахилгаан бараа гэсэн үг юм. Ийнхүү эрчим хүчний хэрэглээ ихсэнэ.

· Өмнө нь хэт их цахилгаан зарцуулдаг байсан тул хэрэглэгддэггүй буюу цөөн тоогоор хэрэглэгддэг байсан тоног төхөөрөмжүүд илүү ихээр хэрэглэгдэх ба ингэснээр эрчим хүчний хэрэглээ ихсэнэ.

 

3. Уруулын будагны эффект (The Lipstick effect)

Эдийн засгийн нөхцөл хүнд үед ч, хүмүүс тансаг зэрэглэлийн бараа бүтээгдэхүүн авсаар байдаг. Тэд зөвхөн үнэтэй цүнх, үнэтэй машин, үнэтэй булган дээл авхынхаа оронд үнэтэй уруулын будаг авдаг. Ихэвчлэн, эдийн засгийн хүнд нөхцөлд байгаа хүмүүс тухайн байдлаа мартахын тулд ямар нэгэн зүйлээр өөрийгөө хуурдаг. Жишээ нь: Гадуур хоолонд орох, үнэтэй уруулын будаг авах, кинонд явах гэх мэт.

 

2. Кобра эффект (The cobra effect)

Ямарваа нэг асуудалд санал болгосон шийдэл нь асуудлыг илүү дордуулдаг үе гарч байв уу? Кобра эффект нь яг үүний талаар юм. Их Британы Колончлолын үед Энэтхэгт хэт олон тооны кобра могой байдаг байсан ба Британы засгийн газар энэхүү могойны тоо толгойг бууруулахын тулд кобра могой агнах болгонд шан харамж өгөхөөр болжээ. Харамсалтай нь энэхүү шан харамжинд шунасан нутгийн оршин суугчид кобра могойг үржүүлэх болсон байна. Их Британы засгийн газар энэхүү байдалыг олж мэдсэнийхээ дараа шан харамжаа зогсоосон ба нутгийн үржүүлэгчид үржүүлсэн олон тооны могойгоо сул тавьснаар урьд өмнө байснаасаа ч илүү их могойтой болжээ.

 

1. Нийтийн гамшиг (Tragedy of the Commons)

Хувь хүний үндсэн дээр бусдаас хамааралгүйгээр өөрийн сонирхолын төлөө буй бүлэг хүмүүс нийтийн баялагыг үгүйрүүлж нийтийн сонирхолын эсрэг үр дүнг бий болгодог. Хамгийн тодорхой нэг жишээ бол загасчид юм. Нууран дахь загас нь хэн нэгний өмч биш бөгөөд нийтийн баялаг гэж тооцож болно. Загасчин болгон өөрийн ашиг орлого-г нэмэгдүүлэхийн төлөө аль болох их загас барих сонирхолтой байдаг. Гэхдээ мөн загасчин болгон загасны тоо толгойг цөөрүүлэхгүй байх сонирхолтой тул маш их хэмжээгээр загас барихгүй байх ёстой. Учир нь ирээдүйд тэд загас дуусахыг хүсэхгүй бөгөөд үргэлжлүүлэн загасчилсаар байх хүсэлтэй.

“А” загасчин загасны тоо толгойг хамгаалах зорилгоор бага хэмжээний загас барьхаар шийдсэн гэж үзье. Гэтэл бусад загасчид тийм бодолгүй байвал “А” загасчин бусдаас бага орлого олохоос гадна илүү их орлого олох байсан боломжоо алдаж, бусад загасчид загасны тоо толгойг хамгаалах бодолгүй тул загасны тоо багасна.

Бүх загасчид ийнхүү сэтгэх ба үүнээс болж бүх загасчид их хэмжээгээр загасчилсанаар хэдий хэн ч хүсээгүй ч нийтийн баялаг болсон загасны тоо толгой буурдаг байна.

Rise of China and It's impact on Mongolian Economy

 

The rise of China is undoubtedly one of the most important and vital event for the global market. In 2004, China was announced as the one of the fastest growing economy in the World since 1990. This massive country with huge potential had been sleeping for a while until it was awaken in the late 1978. Since 1978, when Chinese Government signed the very first Foreign Investment Agreement, China was set on a path of economic reform and its GDP has grown by a 10% a year. In fact, it was three times the rate in the US during that time. Beginning in 1979, China launched several economic reforms. The central government initiated price and ownership incentives for farmers, which enabled them to sell a portion of their crops on the free market. In addition, the government established four special economic zones along the coast for the purpose of attracting foreign investment, boosting exports, and importing high technology products into China. Additional reforms, which followed in stages, sought to decentralize economic policymaking in several sectors, especially trade. Economic control of various enterprises was given to provincial and local governments, which were generally allowed to operate and compete on free market principles, rather than under the direction and guidance of state planning. In addition, citizens were encouraged to start their own businesses. By encouraging investment, capital inflow increased and FDI in 1993-1998 was approximately 5% of the share of GDP. China has been investing heavily in the industrial sector and by doing so China has become the world’s most rapidly developing country comparing to other countries. Just in 11 years, from a real GDP of only 542.5 billion US dollars in 1994 to 2.61 trillion in 2005, China swiftly made its way to the world’s 4^th biggest economy. This was just a beginning of Chinese great leap. Following this intense growth, lots of structural reforms have occurred in both financial and state industrial sectors. These large scale economic reforms, changing demographics, investments, all contributed to the impressive increase in China’s share of output.

Generally attribute much of China’s rapid economic growth to two main factors: large-scale capital investment which is financed by large domestic savings and foreign investment, and rapid productivity growth. Economic reforms led to higher efficiency in the economy, which boosted output and increased resources for additional investment in the economy. China has historically maintained a high rate of savings. When reforms were initiated in 1979, domestic savings as a percentage of GDP stood at 32%. However, most Chinese savings during this period were generated by the profits of SOEs, which were used by the central government for domestic investment. Economic reforms, which included the decentralization of economic production, led to substantial growth in Chinese household savings as well as corporate savings. As a result, China’s gross savings as a percentage of GDP is the highest among major economies. The large level of savings has enabled China to substantially boost domestic investment. In fact, China’s gross domestic savings levels far exceed its domestic investment levels, which have made China a large net global lender. The rapid growth of the Chinese economy has tendency to overtake the United States in the nearest future. The “actual” size of China’s is still arguable but measured in US dollars using nominal exchange rates, China’s GDP in 2013 was $9.5 trillion. According to the IMF.14, this was more than a half of the size of the U.S. economy. Many economists contend that using nominal exchange rates to convert Chinese data (or that of other countries) into U.S. dollars fails to reflect the true size of China’s economy and living standards relative to the United States. Nominal exchange rates simply reflect the prices of foreign currencies vis-à-vis the U.S. dollar and such measurements exclude differences in the prices for goods and services across countries.

Another important thing is a fact that China is the World’s biggest manufacturer. China has emerged as the world’s largest manufacturer according to the United Nations. In 2012, the value of China’s manufacturing on a gross value added basis was 28.2% higher than that in the United States. Manufacturing plays a considerably more important role in the Chinese economy than it does for the United States and Japan. In 2011, China’s gross valued added manufacturing was equal to 30.5% of GDP, compared to 12.3% for the United States and 18.7% for Japan.19 In its 2013 Global Manufacturing Competitiveness Index, Deloitte (an international consulting firm) ranked China first in manufacturing in 2013 and projected it would remain so in five years (the United States ranked third in 2013 and was projected to rank fifth in 2018). The report stated that “China’s competitiveness is bolstered by conducive policy environment either encouraging or directly funding investments in science and technology, employee education and infrastructure development,” and further stated that “the landscape for competitive manufacturing is in the midst of a massive power shift, in which twentieth-century manufacturing stalwarts like the United States, Germany and Japan will be challenged to maintain their competitive edge to emerging nations, including China.Future prospects and forecasts look positive for China. The continuous high growth of China’s economy and its growing impact to the outside world, especially to the neighboring region has increasingly received great attention.

PART 2.

Mongolia is the landlocked country, sandwiched between two powerful nations, Russia and China. Yet, Mongolia still has its power as it had during dominance of Mongol Empire in 13^th century. In 2013, Mongolia was the second fastest growing economy in the world. In 2014, the Mongolian economy is expected to grow by a blistering 15.3%, and the IMF expects it to be the fastest growing economy in the world over the next decade. Mongolia has been called as Saudi Arabia of Asia, next Asian Tiger (Mongolian Wolf as preferred by Mongolians). An increasing natural resource and booming mining sector are the key players behind Mongolian Economic expansion and growth. And given Mongolia’s richness in natural resources and its economically strategic location next to China, the world’s biggest consumer of natural resources, there is every reason to state that economic boom is sustainable.

Imagination of world without brands or do have brands a future?

Nowadays almost everybody eagerly wants to have Burberry, D&G, Chanel, and so on. The question is why? But answer is very simple indeed, they are BRANDS. Well then, what actually brands is? Brand makes you, the real you. It separates you from the crowd and makes you stand out. It defines the uniqueness of you in the public. It informs people who you are, quickly. It is how you are perceived by others. Who doesn’t want to stand out from others? Mark my word, no one.

Unfortunately I’d say everything has two sides like negative and positive. So much, well actually millions of dollars goes to advertising. It seems like brand advertising has taken a back seat to product advertising. Some people say that brand advertising is unnecessary and people fed up by with heavy advertising. I want to tell them, who are neglecting brand advertising, just think twice mates. Without brand advertising wouldn’t be brands and without brands you wouldn’t be here to commenting on advertising should be or shouldn’t be and so on. I warn you that everything is dependent on each other.

Brands already have a huge influence on our life. Even some of them have achieved cultural influence in a big way. I hope most of you will agree with me on this. But most of you will ask me that why advertising is needed when products are well-known and we already know that quality and the main point is we fed up with so much advertising? Also you guys might think that once a brand is established, they no longer needed to advertise what their brand stood for beyond the stuff they provided? Well then, think about it this way, of course, company will establish or make a new products and new brands (which happens more quickly today than it ever had) now what? Most of the time, the new product has really no chance to stand against old well-known brand’s long-term innate value. Which occurs needs advertising. In brief, because of competition, every single company needs an advertising, doesn’t matter it is Burberry, Chanel, Apple or not.

That is why brand is unmovable and everlasting. Just because we need some kind of stand out, brands will go on as usual. And just because brand is needed, advertising will follow it in any situation. It’s like unmovable object meets unstoppable force. Our unstoppable demands make unmovable state of brands. In other hands, brands, which already became unmovable part of our life, provide us to make unstoppable flow of demand. So we’ll be eagerly want to have Burberry as well as nowadays, and brands will be there as same as today.

Dulguun Ganbat

…Studying n abroad…

well, so much has been happening around here since came here…don’t know where to start actually..well then,….

I’m a first year student once again..everything I’ve experienced, everything I’ve been through is now just a piece of shit I would say. Even tough I’ve been or I’ve seen most of them back then, every single thing has changed and now it is not the way it was as I recall it.  Well this is just exaggeration, talk talk of mine….hehe

What I’m really trying to say is studying in foreign language is not that easy as you think, unless you’re fluent. Here is the list of subjects which I’m studying.

• 1.Microeconomics
• 2.Math
• 3.Economic Geography
• 4.IT
• 5.English
• 6.Polish
• 7.P.Training
• 8.Essential of Law

Micro, Math ,English and P.training are fine. Rest of them are real pain in the ass.  Especially that sleepy law lecture. Oh my holy god!!!! Honestly I have absolutely no idea what she is talking about, all I can catch up is few conjunction words such as because, later etc..maybe I overdrew a little bit, in fact it is true.

 

 

 

 

 

Then Polish…wow!!! My Polish is not that bad for one year of study, of course not that good. But beside Belarusian, Ukrainian or Albanian guys my polish is just like comparing cat to lion.

Now IT. I thought I knew computing…but now I have doubt abt that. Seriously!..problem is, IT teacher is speaking too quickly , just way too quick to understand. Also all the words used in IT are in polish (of course) because of it, it’s getting more difficult.

In the end economic geography. Lecture is understandable. But it is bit dizzy. Anyways! Somehow I’ll manage this things out, and someday in future..I’ll be writing a post saying “I’ve DONE IT.”

...Рубик-н Куб-г шийдэх...

Рубик-н Куб-г шийдэх талаар бяцхан хичээл орууллаа.